How Black socialite Mollie Moon raised tens of millions to fund civil rights : NPR

Josephine Baker (left), Mollie Moon (proper) and the newly topped Miss Beaux Arts Ball, 1960.

E. Azalia Hackley Assortment of African Individuals within the Performing Arts/Detroit Public Library/Amistad imprint of Harper Collins

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E. Azalia Hackley Assortment of African Individuals within the Performing Arts/Detroit Public Library/Amistad imprint of Harper Collins

Josephine Baker (left), Mollie Moon (proper) and the newly topped Miss Beaux Arts Ball, 1960.

E. Azalia Hackley Assortment of African Individuals within the Performing Arts/Detroit Public Library/Amistad imprint of Harper Collins

Once we consider the Civil Rights Motion, opulent events are in all probability not the very first thing that come to thoughts. Nevertheless it seems, they had been an enormous a part of the combat for racial justice — particularly the occasions organized by Black socialite Mollie Moon within the Nineteen Forties, ’50s and ’60s.

Generally known as one of the crucial influential girls of the civil rights period, Moon served as president of the fundraising arm of the Nationwide City League and is credited with elevating tens of millions to construct financial and racial equality within the U.S. However historian Tanisha Ford says she solely heard of Moon by chance, whereas doing analysis for one more undertaking.

“I stumbled throughout the title Mollie Moon within the newspaper clippings of the early Sixties. … She was internet hosting this superb magnificence pageant that celebrated the fantastic thing about Black girls,” Ford says. “So I simply tucked her title behind my thoughts and thought, ‘I’ll write one thing about this lady.’ “

As Ford gathered press clippings about Moon, she realized there was a bigger story to be informed, “one which made folks conscious of this nice chief of the Civil Rights Motion who had fallen out of the narrative.”

Moon’s New York Metropolis events attracted stars like Billie Vacation and Josephine Baker, in addition to rich white donors, Black elites and dealing class Black folks. However Moon confronted criticism from activists who had been skeptical of taking cash from wealthy white liberals.

“What African Individuals feared was that that form of affect would then steer the motion away from the problems that African Individuals cared about and … towards points that felt secure for white Individuals,” Ford says.

Ford notes that debates about cash, affect and social justice are nonetheless related at this time. However, she provides, fundraising is a vital — and often-overlooked — a part of the Civil Rights Motion.

“I’ve discovered that after I began to show my consideration to the cash, that this story humanizes these folks much more, and it makes the stakes of motion constructing all of the extra clear,” Ford says.

Ford’s new guide is Our Secret Society: Mollie Moon and the Glamor, Cash and Energy Behind the Civil Rights Motion.

Our Secret Society: Mollie Moon and the Glamour, Cash, and Energy Behind the Civil Rights Motion, by Tanisha Ford

Harper Collins

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Harper Collins

Our Secret Society: Mollie Moon and the Glamour, Cash, and Energy Behind the Civil Rights Motion, by Tanisha Ford

Harper Collins

Interview highlights

On Moon’s celebrity-packed events

These events, by all accounts, had been fabulous. Her signature occasion was the Beaux Arts Ball. She would host that occasion yearly since 1940, and it was an occasion that began off in Harlem on the Savoy Ballroom after which moved within the Sixties, the early Sixties, to the Astoria Resort in midtown New York. And these occasions introduced collectively all kinds of individuals, as you talked about, everyone from weary subway employees and home laborers to titans of trade, together with the Rockefeller household, folks like Billie Vacation. Katherine Dunham at one level was a sponsor for the occasion. I even discovered within the data the place she had invited the Duke and Duchess — the previous king of England [Edward VIII] and Wallis Simpson — to be judges for the costumed affair portion of the Beaux Arts Ball.

On the applications funded by the Nationwide City League

They had been funding every thing from voter registration drives to issues just like the March on Washington, but additionally Black youth applications. Mollie Moon’s diploma was in pharmacy, and earlier than she went into social work, which grew to become her long-term profession, she had a dream of changing into a biology trainer. So she was deeply invested in what at this time we name STEM. And so loads of the funds went towards funding Black youth, for them to have academic applications. After which different issues funded journalists. So their fundraising efforts funded a big selection of social-justice oriented, racial-equality-minded occasions which have had a deep affect on neighborhood constructing within the African American context.

On journalist Lillian Scott’s criticism of Black folks networking with rich white liberals

[Scott] does symbolize that era of youthful, extra radical Black journalists who’re saying, “Hey, wait a minute. Now we have to do not forget that the wealth that the Rockefellers and others of those elite households who’re clamoring to help the Nationwide City League have amassed has come from a system of slavery.” … And Lillian Scott was saying we shouldn’t be seduced by the flowery robes and invites to occasion within the Rainbow Room as a result of African Individuals, by and enormous, are nonetheless dwelling in abject poverty on this nation. And a flowery occasion is just not going to undo generations of financial disparities. So she … would use her column in the Chicago Defender to speak about these problems with race and sophistication and gender and actually talk about them in a fancy method, however utilizing the cheeky type of the society pages to do it. So her columns are a real gem by way of understanding the nuances of those race and sophistication dynamics within the mid-Twentieth century.

On the criticism of white philanthropy — then and now

One of many issues then, that continues to be now, is that there should not be an accumulation of wealth to start with, however that even funneled into actions that oftentimes creates a form of stagnation the place the cash is not being then redistributed to the communities that want it most. So there’s a structural situation by way of how we even strategy fundraising for the motion: Who will get the cash and what sort of time interval is taken into account acceptable for the cash to be redistributed to Black communities? In order that concern was positively there.

Tanisha Ford is a professor of historical past at The Metropolis College of New York.

Darcy Rogers/Amistad imprint of Harper Collins

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Darcy Rogers/Amistad imprint of Harper Collins

Tanisha Ford is a professor of historical past at The Metropolis College of New York.

Darcy Rogers/Amistad imprint of Harper Collins

The opposite piece of that’s, effectively, as soon as the second passes, if we’ve got change into dependent upon this white hand of philanthropy, then what will we do then when white folks resolve that they now not wish to give this cash to our trigger? And that is one other factor that we have seen play out within the current second, the place in 2020 there was a surplus of cash being given to organizations like BLM and the Nationwide City League and the NAACP, who obtained much more cash than BLM did, to be clear. However what occurs in 2021, 2022, 2023, the place we begin to see a retrenchment by way of the varieties of cash that is being given to racial justice, nearly to the purpose now the place saying “racial justice” is sort of a soiled phrase, despite the fact that it was so en vogue simply a few years in the past?

On the lesson of Moon’s life

{A photograph} of Mollie Virgil Lewis (Mollie Moon), circa 1926.

Henry Lee Moon Household Pictures, Western Reserve Historic Society, Cleveland, Ohio./Amistad imprint of Harper Collins

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Henry Lee Moon Household Pictures, Western Reserve Historic Society, Cleveland, Ohio./Amistad imprint of Harper Collins

{A photograph} of Mollie Virgil Lewis (Mollie Moon), circa 1926.

Henry Lee Moon Household Pictures, Western Reserve Historic Society, Cleveland, Ohio./Amistad imprint of Harper Collins

The longer I sat with Mollie Moon’s archive — along with her letters, along with her private keepsakes, taking a look at images of her — I noticed simply how courageous this lady needed to be to be so unapologetically herself in a time interval the place Black folks had been being persecuted every day, for the colour of their pores and skin. And if there’s something that I feel Mollie Moon would need us to know, it’s that each human being on this earth deserves to have the ability to stroll within the fullness of themselves within the fullness of their humanity. And I feel that her mission of Black pleasure, a Black pleasure that so contagious that everybody on the planet would profit from that form of pleasure, is one that basically resonates at this time. That if we might simply step exterior of ourselves lengthy sufficient to acknowledge the struggling of another person and be keen to sacrifice one thing of ourselves, whether or not that be a small greenback monetary providing, whether or not or not it’s volunteering our time, whether or not or not it’s calling a congressperson, that if we had been keen to try this for another person, then we’ve got the ability to make the form of change that we have to see on this world.

Heidi Saman and Seth Kelley produced and edited this interview for broadcast. Bridget Bentz, Molly Seavy-Nesper and Meghan Sullivan tailored it for the net.